|
|
Marcia Wallace
A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Planning Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1999 Marcia Wallace 1999
__________________________________________________________
Titlepages - chapter: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Appdxa | biblio __________________________________________________________________
I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the University of Waterloo to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the University of Waterloo to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. The University of Waterloo requires the signatures of all persons using or photocopying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date.
ABSTRACT
Planning Amidst Diversity: The Challenges of Multiculturalism in Urban and Suburban Greater Toronto
This dissertation explores the varied ways in which demographic changes from immigration are challenging traditional planning practice in Canada. The research is tied together around three themes: diversity, planning and citizenship. These themes provide the means to examine the impact of ethnocultural diversity on participation and belonging as seen through local decision making. Focusing on the experience of the Toronto area, the redevelopment of George Brown College in the urban community of Kensington, and the development of retail condominiums (or Asian malls) in the suburban community of Markham are used as case studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis was completed with the financial assistance of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), through a Doctoral Fellowship (no. 752-97-1047).
I would like to thank my committee of Bob Murdie, Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Beth Moore Milroy for their assistance throughout the writing of this thesis. Their constant support and critical input always encouraged me to stretch. I would especially like to thank Beth Moore Milroy, for without her confidence in my abilities and the value of this research area when I first arrived, this thesis would never have been attempted.
As always I am indebted to my parents for instilling in me a desire to reach. And for times when the task seemed too daunting I thank Ted, who never failed to be my support, my cheerleader, my friend.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF MAPS x
CHAPTER ONE: Setting the Context 1 A Local Look at Immigration 1 Immigration in Toronto: Setting the Demographic Context 4 Absent Voices? Research on Immigration and Cities 6 Urban Immigration and Local Planning 8 Diversity, Planning and Citizenship 9 A Guide to the Structure of the Dissertation 13
CHAPTER TWO: Citizenship in Canadian Communities 16 Understanding "Community" 16 Comparing Apples and Apples: "Community" in this Dissertation 17 Planning, Community and the ‘Public Interest’ 20 A Note on Methodology: Comparative Case Study Research 24 Defining Citizenship 27 Citizenship in the Canadian Context 29 The Limitations of National Citizenship in Canada 31 Beyond a Formal-Legal Approach: Substantive Citizenship 33 Substantive Citizenship at the Local Level? 34 Diversity and the Challenges of Substantive Local Citizenship 36 Evaluating Substantive Local Citizenship 37 A Modified Communitarian Approach 39 Criteria for Evaluating Substantive Citizenship 44
CHAPTER THREE: A Short History of Canadian Immigration 46 The History of Canada’s Multiculturalism and Immigration 47 The First Steps to Non-Racial Immigration Policy 50 Instituting the Principle of Universality 52 The Geography of Canadian Immigration 53 Integration of Immigrants: An Area of Overlapping Jurisdiction 55 Accessing Immigrant Services: The Toronto Context 58 Immigration as an Economic Tool 60 The Economic Benefit of Business Immigration 62 A Critical Look at Business Immigration 65 Changing the Patterns of Immigration Settlement 66
CHAPTER FOUR: Diversity and Planning in Kensington 69 Kensington 69 A History of Diversity 72 Kensington Today: An Empirical Portrait 75 Period and Source of Immigration 75 Ethnicity, Visible Minorities and Language 76 Income and Education 77 Housing 80 Redevelopment in an Urban Community 80 Urban Planning and the Kensington Market Area 82 Planners and the Kensington Community 84 A Balancing Act: Residential vs. Commercial Interests 88
CHAPTER FIVE: The Redevelopment of George Brown College 90 A Closing is an Opportunity 90 Collective Action Among Diverse Interests? Kensington Market Working Group 92 The Search For a Buyer 97 The Province’s Role 97 The City’s Role 99 The Kensington Working Group’s Role 101 Examining the Kensington Case Study 104 Participation in Public Decision-making 105 Democratic Equality 109 Social Structures and Associations 113 Solidarity and Tolerance 118 Epilogue: New Hope for Kensington? 122
CHAPTER SIX: Diversity and Suburban Planning in Markham 125 Markham 125 Looking Back: A History of Markham 128 Contemporary Markham: An Empirical Portrait 130 Period and Source of Immigration 130 Ethnicity, Visible Minorities and Language 132 Income and Education 133 Housing 135 Development in a Suburban Community 136 Defining the Trend: An Alternative Form and Function 136 The Success of Asian Malls 140 Suburban Planning in Markham 142 Planning in an "Edge City" 146
CHAPTER SEVEN: Retail Condominium Developments in Markham 148 Markham’s Asian Malls 148 Creating Challenges for Planners 150 Traffic, Parking and Other Site-Related Concerns 152 The Politics of Multiculturalism in Markham 153 The "Carole Bell Incident" 154 A Political Response: The Mayor’s Advisory Committee 156 The 1997 Election: A Footnote 158 Examining the Markham Case Study 159 Participation in Public Decision-making 159 Democratic Equality 164 Social Structures and Associations 166 Solidarity and Tolerance 169 Epilogue: Markham’s Future as a Growth Community 174
CHAPTER EIGHT: Evaluating Citizenship in Kensington and Markham 176 Comparing the Case Studies 176 Participation in Public Decision-making 177 Politicians, Planners and the Public 178 Community Participation: Proactive vs. Reactive 179 Does "More" Equal "Better" in Public Participation? 180 Inclusion and Representation 182 Democratic Equality 184 Sources of Influence 184 Distribution of Power 185 Social Structures and Associations 187 Alliances and Associations 188 Continuity in the Local Social Structure 189 Solidarity and Tolerance 190 Solidarity in an Urban / Suburban Identity? 191 Ethnocultural Diversity and Community Solidarity 193 Tempering Communitarian Idealism: Examining Tolerance 194 Multicultural Planning? 196
CHAPTER NINE: Multicultural Planning and Citizenship 204 Canada’s Urban Immigration: The Themes of This Dissertation 204 Diversity 205 Planning 207 Citizenship 209 Multicultural Planning and Citizenship 213 Planning Amidst Diversity 216 Future Directions for Research 219
APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW PARTICIPANTS 223
BIBLIOGRAPHY 226
LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Percentage of Immigrant Population in Selected Canadian Cities (CMAs), 1996 2 1.2 Immigrant Population by Period of Immigration, Toronto CMA, 1996 5 3.1 1996-2000 Immigration Plan, Planned Percentages 61 4.1 Immigrant Population by Period of Immigration, Kensington, 1996 75 4.2 Language Spoken at Home, Kensington, 1996 77 4.3 Population by Household Income, Kensington, 1996 79 4.4 Population (15 years and over) by Highest Level of Schooling, Kensington, 1996 79 6.1 Immigrant Population by Period of Immigration, Markham, 1996 131 6.2 Language Spoken at Home, Markham, 1996 133 6.3 Population by Household Income, Markham, 1996 134 6.4 Population (15 years and over) by Highest Level of Schooling, Markham, 1996 135 6.5 Pacific Mall, Floor Plan: Markham’s First Retail Condominium Development 139 9.1 Community Influence over Local Decision-making: Kensington and Markham Case Studies 212
LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Top 10 Places of Birth for Total Immigrants and Recent Immigrants, Toronto CMA, 1996 5 3.1 Timeline of Important Dates in Canadian Immigration Policy 48 3.2 Structure of Canadian Immigration, Entrance Classes and Categories 61 4.1 Top 10 Places of Birth for Total Immigrants and Recent Immigrants, Kensington, 1996 76 6.1 Top 10 Places of Birth for Total Immigrants and Recent Immigrants, Markham, 1996 131 8.1 Participation in Public Decision-making 183 8.2 Democratic Equality 187 8.3 Social Structures and Associations 190 8.4 Solidarity and Tolerance 195
LIST OF MAPS 1.1 Locating the Case Studies: Markham and Toronto 10 3.1 New City of Toronto in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) 59 4.1 Kensington in the former City of Toronto 70 4.2 Kensington 71 4.3 The George Brown College Site, 1995 81 4.4 Kensington, Recommended Official Plan, 1978 83 6.1 Markham in Toronto’s Suburban Fringe 126 7.1 Location of Retail Condominium Developments in Markham 148 ________________________________________________________________________
Titlepages - chapter: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Appdxa | biblio _______________________________________________________________ |
|